Raunkiaer (1934) classified plant life forms based on traits that varied ... coniferous forests, and tundra (Figure 4). Tropical forests are found in areas centered on the equator (Figure 4).

and plant life bloomed across the tundra at a near-record pace. As the Arctic reacts to the planet-warming gases that humans have pumped into the atmosphere, the region is swiftly transforming and ...

More woody plants on the ground make life harder for caribou, both by displacing their usual tundra food sources and by creating new obstacles to movement. Open water does not affect Alaska’s ...