Secondary mitral regurgitation occurs when left atrial or left ventricular remodeling and dilation leads to mitral valve annular enlargement that prevents effective leaflet coaptation. There are ...

Endothelin also promotes remodeling and vasoconstriction ... Symptoms are important in differentiating left ventricular failure from right ventricular failure. Two HF classification systems ...

Obesity significantly impacts cardiovascular health, increasing risks such as left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Pharmaceuticals play a crucial role in addressing these ...

DCM causes microvascular disease, myocardial metabolic disorder, and myocardial fibrosis, thereby leading to left ventricular remodeling, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction, and eventually ...

While upper normal limits exist for maximal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (14 mm) and LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd, 65 mm), it is unknown if these limits are applicable to athletes ...