Titania nanoparticles damage enveloped viruses by directly binding with membrane phospholipids – a previously unknown mode of antiviral action ...

But alcohol-based hand sanitizers, cleaners and cleansing wipes don't work against non-enveloped viruses, such as norovirus. Non-enveloped viruses don't have or need a phospholipid bilayer ...

Other viruses have a fat-based outer layer called called an envelope, which is more easily broken down by alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Norovirus, on the other hand, is a non-enveloped virus.

Scientists have identified nanoparticles that latch onto and destroy virus membranes, opening new possibilities for antiviral ...

Many studies have shown that enveloped viruses are not stable outside of the animal host, in contrast to non-enveloped viruses (such as foot and mouth disease virus, which infects cattle), which ...

Rhinoviruses are known as the most common cause of the common cold. However, the virus can cause a range of symptoms. This ...