There are various types of cement used in building and construction works for various purposes. Thus, it is important to understand composition, properties, uses and advantages of each types of cem…

Types of foundations generally used in buildings are isolated footings, combined footing, raft or mat foundations, strip foundation, pile and drilled shafts.

Procedure for construction of foundation starts with a decision on its depth, width, and marking layout for excavation and centerline of foundation. Foundation is the part of the structure below th…

Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces of foundations, roofs, walls, and other structural members. The function of the impermeable barrier is to prevent water penetra…

What is earthing in a building and its purpose? Earthing is the instantaneous discharge of electrical energy by passing charges directly to the earth using a low-resistance cable. Different types of the earth are used to link the metallic parts of electrical appliances or installations to the earth to prevent or lessen the risk of electrocution.

Reading time: 1 minute Concrete mix ratios are the proportions of concrete components such as cement, sand, aggregates and water. These mix ratios are decided based on type of construction and mix designs. However, building codes provides nominal and standard concrete mix ratios for various construction works based on experience and testing. These types of concrete mix ratios are discussed in ...

Reading time: 1 minute Post tension slab is a combination of conventional slab reinforcement and additional protruding high-strength steel tendons, which are consequently subjected to tension after the concrete has set. This hybridisation helps achieve the formation of a much thinner slab with a longer span devoid of any column-free spaces. In …

There are seven major steps involved in the large-scale water treatment for urban municipal water supply. Each of the steps are described in the article below, 1. Screening To protect the main units of a treatment plant and aid in their efficient operation, it is necessary to use screens to remove any large floating and suspended solids present in …

What is a lintel? A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like doors, windows etc. in buildings to support the load from the structure above. The width of lintel beam is equal to the width of wall, and the ends of it is built into the wall. Lintels are classified based on their material of …

Heavy construction equipment are used for various purposes in large projects. Selection of different types of heavy equipment depends on the size of the work and economy of the project. These make …